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A roentgen measures the exposure to radiation, specifically the amount of ionization produced in air by X-rays or gamma rays. It quantifies the radiation dose that could affect biological tissues by indicating the level of exposure to ionizing radiation in a given volume of air. This measurement is crucial in fields such as radiology and radiation safety as it helps assess potential risks to humans from ionizing radiation, which is known to have various health implications, including radiation sickness or increased cancer risk.

The other options relate to different measurements: sound levels are measured in decibels, airborne toxins often refer to concentration measured in parts per million or micrograms per cubic meter, and chemical exposure duration might be noted in hours or minutes but does not correlate directly to the measurement indicated by roentgen. Understanding that roentgens specifically pertain to radiation exposure solidifies its significance within the context of safety and health.